Christian/Muslim ThreadsThe Quran and Modern Science - WOW, what an EYE-OPENER!!!!!Look forward for this work, really needed. History of Embryology, in chronological order (from net): Garbha Upinandas 1416 BC: the Hindus describing ancient ideas concerning the embryo "From the conjugation of blood and semen the embryo comes into existence. During the period favorable to conception, after the sexual intercourse, (it) becomes a Kalada (one-day-old embryo). After remaining seven nights it becomes a vesicle. After a fortnight it becomes a sperical mass. After a month it becomes a firm mass" Bible: Book of Job ca. 1000 BC: "Your hands formed me and made me - will you now absorb me? Remember that you formed me as if with clay - will you return me to dust? You poured me out like milk, and pulled me together like cheese. You clothed me with skin and flesh, and [inside me] did you interweave bones and sinews." -- Job 10:8-11 Bible: In Psalms 139: 13-16 (c. 500 BC) 139:13 For you formed my inmost being. You knit me together in my mother's womb. 139:14 I will give thanks to you, For I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Your works are wonderful. My soul knows that very well. 139:15 My frame wasn't hidden from you, When I was made in secret, Woven together in the depths of the earth. 139:16 Your eyes saw my body. In your book they were all written, The days that were ordained for me, When as yet there were none of them Hippocrates 460-370 BC: 1st stage: "Sperm is a product which comes from the whole body of each parent, weak sperm coming from the weak parts, and strong sperm from the strong parts." Section 8, p 321 2nd stage: "The seed (embryo), then, is contained in a membrane ... Moreover, it grows because of its mother's blood, which descends to the womb. For once a woman conceives, she ceases to menstruate..." Section 14, p. 326 3rd stage: "At this stage, with the descent and coagulation of the mother's blood, flesh begins to be formed, with the umbilicus." Section 14, p. 326 4th stage: "As the flesh grows it is formed into distinct members by breath ... The bones grow hard ... moreover they send out branches like a tree ..." Section 17, p. 328 Aristotle 384-322 BC: "When the material secreted by the female in the uterus has been fixed by the semen of the male [...] the more solid part comes together, the liquid is separated off from it, and as the earthy parts solidify membranes form all around it [...] Some of these are called membranes and others choria[.]" -- Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, Book II, 739b20-739b30, as per Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle, (Princeton, 1985), Vol 1, p. 1148. "So nature has first designed the two blood vessels from the heart, and from these smaller vessels branch off to the uterus, forming what is called the umbilicus [...] Round these is a skin-like integument, because the weakness of the vessels needs protection and shelter. The vessels join to the uterus like the roots of plants, and through them the embryo receives its nourishment" -- Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, Book II, 740a28-740a35, as per Barnes, opere citato, p. 1149 Diocles of Carystus 240-180 BC: "on the ninth day a few points of blood, on the eighteenth beating of the heart, on the twenty-seventh traces of the spinal cord and head" Galen 129-210 AD: "let us divide the creation of the foetus overall into four periods of time. The first is that in which. as is seen both in abortions and in dissection, the form of the semen prevails (Arabic nutfah). At this time, Hippocrates too, the all-marvelous, does not yet call the conformation of the animal a foetus; as we heard just now in the case of semen voided in the sixth day, he still calls it semen. But when it has been filled with blood (Arabic alaqa), and heart, brain and liver are still unarticulated and unshaped yet have by now a certain solidarity and considerable size, this is the second period; the substance of the foetus has the form of flesh and no longer the form of semen. Accordingly you would find that Hippocrates too no longer calls such a form semen but, as was said, foetus. The third period follows on this, when, as was said, it is possible to see the three ruling parts clearly and a kind of outline, a silhouette, as it were, of all the other parts (Arabic mudghah). You will see the conformation of the three ruling parts more clearly, that of the parts of the stomach more dimly, and much more still, that of the limbs. Later on they form "twigs", as Hippocrates expressed it, indicating by the term their similarity to branches. The fourth and final period is at the stage when all the parts in the limbs have been differentiated; and at this part Hippocrates the marvelous no longer calls the foetus an embryo only, but already a child, too when he says that it jerks and moves as an animal now fully formed " -- Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10 pp. 92-95, 101 "... The time has come for nature to articulate the organs precisely and to bring all the parts to completion. Thus it caused flesh to grow on and around all the bones, and at the same time ... it made at the ends of the bones ligaments that bind them to each other, and along their entire length it placed around them on all sides thin membranes, called periosteal, on which it caused flesh to grow " -- Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10 pp. 92-95, 101 Talmud: Samuel ha-Yehudi 2nd century AD: The embryo was called peri habbetten (fruit of the body) and develops as 1. golem (formless, rolled-up thing); 2. shefir meruqqam (embroidered foetus - shefir means amniotic sac); 3. 'ubbar (something carried); v'alad (child); v'alad shel qayama (noble or viable child) and 4. ben she-kallu chadashav (child whose months have been completed). Koran: Muhammed 571-632 AD: Qu”an 023:13-14: "And we created man from a portion of clay. Then we made him a drop in a firm place. Then we formed the drop into a clot, then we formed the clot into a morsel, then we formed the morsel into bones, then we clothed the bones with flesh. Then we brought it forth as another creation. Blessed is Allaah, the best of creators." [23:13-14] Pickthall 23:12-14: Verily We created man from a product of wet earth; Then placed him as a drop (of seed) in a safe lodging; Then fashioned We the drop a clot, then fashioned We the clot a little lump, then fashioned We the little lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh, and then produced it as another creation. So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators Qur’an, 022.005: YUSUFALI: “O mankind! if ye have a doubt about the Resurrection, (consider) that We created you out of dust, then out of sperm, then out of a leech-like clot, then out of a morsel of flesh, partly formed and partly unformed, in order that We may manifest (our power) to you; and We cause whom We will to rest in the wombs for an appointed term, then do We bring you out as babes…” PICKTHAL: “O mankind! if ye are in doubt concerning the Resurrection, then lo! We have created you from dust, then from a drop of seed, then from a clot, then from a little lump of flesh shapely and shapeless, that We may make (it) clear for you. And We cause what We will to remain in the wombs for an appointed time, and afterward We bring you forth as infants…” SHAKIR: “O people! if you are in doubt about the raising, then surely We created you from dust, then from a small seed, then from a clot, then from a lump of flesh, complete in make and incomplete, that We may make clear to you; and We cause what We please to stay in the wombs till an appointed time, then We bring you forth as babies…” These verses refers to, translations differ: 1. Drop: (Believed to be sperm) 2. Clot: (leach, leach-like, clinging thing) 3. Lump: (chewed lump) 4. Bones first then covered with muscles Comments: 1. The stage referred to as blood clot in Koran: A blood clot does not have any embryonic tissue whatsoever, only red blood cells, fibrin and white blood cells. Regarding Blood Clot: From: http://yahooligans.yahoo.com/reference/ ... 32300.html blood clot NOUN: A semisolid gelatinous mass of coagulated blood that consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets entrapped in a fibrin network. Also From: http://www.bartleby.com/cgi-bin/texis/w ... mit=Search 1) blood clot. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. ...A semisolid gelatinous mass of coagulated blood that consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets entrapped in a fibrin network 2. Leech stage referred to in Koran: A leech is dark because it has blood in its gullet. At no stage does the embryo have blood in its gullet, and never is it dark black like a leech. So even if we allow for the most recently introduced new translation adding the Leech into the argument: the Leech is a bag of blood, the faetus is not 3. Muscles are definitely formed before bones. In conclusion: There is not a single statement contained in the Qur'an relating to modern embryology that was not well known through direct observation by the ancient Greek and Indian physicians many centuries before the Qur'an was written. Moreover, much of what the Qur'an actually does say about embryology is scientifically inaccurate... Embryos: 23 days embryo: 25 days embryo: 6 weeks embryo: This diagram shows that the week 6 embryo (Carnegie Stage 16) already has musculature when the cartilage is forming. Leeches: |
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