Sons of God have many meanings in Scripture that can only be determined by the context of the passage. In Job the sons of God are angels, which is also the probable meaning of the phrase in Genesis.
When Jesus referred to the Law where the Hebrews are referred to as gods, it is referring to the fact God choose the Jews to receive His divine law and that other nations would view them as gods because of their relationship with God.
As to what Jesus told the Pharisee's notice the change in word order. Instead of referring to Himself as "the son of God", He told the Pharisee's He is God's Son.
In Hosea God is telling the prophet to prophecy to the Kingdom of Israel that He is going to deliver them to captivity, which will leave only the Kingdom of Judah as His representatives on earth. This prophecy ends at verse 9. From verse 10 through vs. 11 Israel refers to Jacob and his offspring and is a prophecy concerning the conversion of the Gentile nations. Christians are the sons of God through adoption as sons of Abraham, whose son Isaac was the father of Israel (Jacob), and the sons of God are used in this sense in Matthew 5, and the Scriptures you quoted in Luke, Romans, and Galatians.
Does this answer your concerns?