10) The Mary trinity
Quran: [5]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: peddled by a heretical sect called the Choloridians/Maryamia
which had been banished to Arabia at the time.
Earlyest Date of the sect: 7th Century
11) The Story of The Mountain
Quran: [7]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: Talmud - Avodah Zarah 2b
Earlyest Date of the story: 100-550 AD
Excerpt: "The Holy One, blessed is He, raised a mountain over Israel as though it were a dome. And He said to them: if you hold to the Torah all is well, but if not you will be buried here!" -- Talmud Avodah Zarah 2b
12) The story of the Heavy Keys
Quran: [28]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: Talmud Bavli - Sanhedrin 110a
Earlyest Date of the story: 100-550 AD
Excerpt: "And Rabbi Levi said: "The keys to Korah's treasure house was a load for 300 white mules and the keys and locks were leather."" Talmud Bavli - Sanhedrin 110a
13) The Claim for the last prophet
Quran: [33]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: The Prophet Mani
Earlyest Date of the story: 3th century AD
Excerpt: "There are many parallels to the teachings and story of Mani to the teachings and story of Muhammad, and it may be possible that Muhammad was influenced by Mani. Muhammad may have adopted many of Mani's concepts, such as Mani's role as Paraclete and last of the Prophets. Muhammad said that his prophethood was revealed to him by an angel as Mani had claimed about himself. And as Mani claimed to be the successor to prophets like Jesus and other prophets whose teachings he said were locally corrupted, so too did Muhammad later claim to be the successor to prophets whose teachings he said were locally corrupted." -- Wikipedia, Prophet Mani (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_%28prophet%29)
14) The whole race slain?
Quran: [5:27-32]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: Mishnah Sanhedrin, 4:5 (Jewish commentary on the torah)
Earlyest Date of the story: 3th-4th Century (Encyclopedia Judaica, 1996, Keter Publishing House Jerusalem)
Excerpt: "We find it said in the case of Cain who murdered his brother, 'The voice of thy brother's bloods crieth' (Gen. 4:10). It is not said here blood in the singular, but bloods in the plural, that is, his own blood and the blood of his seed. Man was created single in order to show that to him who kills a single individual it shall be reckoned that he has slain the whole race, but to him who preserves the life of a single individual it is counted that he hath preserved the whole race." -- Mishnah Sanhedrin, 4:5
15) Christ did not suffer on the cross?
Quran: [4:157-158]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: the teaching of the Gnostic heretic Basilides, Travels Of The Apostles, The Manichean Religion
Earlyest Date of the story: 32-120 AD
Excerpt: "he taught his deluded followers "That He had not suffered; and that a certain Simon of Cyrene had been compelled to carry His cross for Him; and that this man was crucified through ignorance and error, having been changed in form by Him, so that it should be thought that he was Jesus Himself." -- the teaching of the Gnostic heretic Basilides according to Irenaeus
16) The Balance between good and bad deeds:
Quran: [7:7-8], [7], [21]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: The Book of the Death; Judgement, The Testament Of Abraham
Earlyest Date of the story: ancient Egyptian mythology 2500 BC, Testament Of Abraham 2nd-3th century AD
Excerpt: "In the midst of the two gates stood a throne, and on it sat a marvellous man ... and before him stood a table like unto crystal, all of gold and fine linen. And on the table lay a book, its thickness was six cubits and its breadth ten cubits. And to the right and left of it (the table) there stood two angels, holding paper and ink and a pen. And in front of the table was seated a light-bearing angel, holding a Balance in his hand; and to the left sat a fiery angel, altogether merciless and stern, holding in his hand a trumpet, in which he kept an all consuming fire, the test of sinners. And the marvellous man who was seated on the throne was himself judging and proving the souls, but the two angels who were on the right and on the left were registering: the one on the right was registering the righteous acts, but the one on the left the sins. And the one in front of the table, the one who held tbe Balance, was weighing the souls; and the fiery angel who held the fire was testing the souls. And Abraham asked Michael, the general-in-chief, ‘What are these things that we are beholding?’ And the general-in-chief said, ‘What thou seest, holy Abraham, is the judgment and retribution.’" -- The Testament Of Abraham
17) Satan refused to worship Adam
Quran: [2]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: Gospel of Bartholomew, The Aggadah (compilation of jewish oral traditions)
Earlyest Date of the story: 3th century AD
Excerpt: "But the devil said: "Allow me to tell you how I was cast down from here, and God made man. I wandered to and fro in the world, and God said unto Michael: Bring me earth from the four ends of the world, and water out of the four rivers of Paradise. And when Michael had brought them to him, he formed Adam in the east, and gave form to the shapeless earth, and stretched sinews and veins, and united everything into a harmonious whole; And he showed him reverence for his own sake because he was his image. And Michael also worshiped him. And when I came from the ends of the world, Michael said to me: ‘Worship the image of God which he has made in his own likeness. But I said: ‘I am fire of fire, I was the first angel to be formed, and shall worship clay and matter? And Michael said to me: ‘Worship, lest God be angry with you.’ I answered: ‘God will not be angry with me; but I will set up my throne over against his throne, and shall as he is [Isa. 14:14f.].’ Then God was angry with me and cast me down, after he had commanded the windows of heaven to be opened."
18 ) Jesus a mere prophet
Quran: [43]
Earlyer(st) source(s) of the story: The Ebonite Heresy
Earlyest Date of the heresy: 1th Century AD
Excerpt: "Ebionites originally were a first century Jewish-Christian sect. They emphasized Jewish law and rejected Paul's teachings. Most considered him to be a man, not God. Later use of this term refers to anyone who minimizes the divinity of Christ.", "their influence is perhaps traceable amongst the Mandeans, and it is suggested by Uhlhorn and others that they may be brought into connection with the origin of Islam" -- Catholic Encyclopedia, Ebionites (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05242c.htm.)